Institutionalization is mentioned over and over again in film "The Shawshank Redemption". In this film, the institution refers to the fixed prison institution, and institutionalization refers to a process of rigidifying prisoners' behaviors, thoughts and mindsets in some imperceptible constraint mechanisms. In this process, the prisoners…

Test anxiety often interferes with a reliable evaluation of language learning, frustrating teachers and students alike. Most researchers have found a significant inverse relation between anxiety and written test performance. Although this situation leads to a distortion of test scores, suggestions for treating and coping with test anxiety have…

This paper addresses training for teaching English as an Additional Language (EAL) at initial teacher education (ITE) level in Northern Ireland. This small-scale qualitative study describes 15 primary and post-primary teachers' perspectives on their preparation for teaching EAL in Northern Ireland. It explores reflections on EAL content in ITE…

This case study explores the professional identity of one reading specialist, Marsha, who struggled with testing pressures at her urban elementary school in the U.S. It offers an in-depth look at how Marsha's instructional decisions and practices in a pull-out reading program aimed at helping English Language Learners (ELL) shifted when she was…

This study was designed to develop a typology of strategies that students use to cope with the anxiety they experience in English language classrooms. The influence of anxiety level on strategy use was also assessed. Findings suggested 70 basic tactics for coping with language anxiety that cohered into five strategy categories: Preparation (e.g.…

The Center for Applied Linguistics has compiled these resources on the subjects of war trauma and working with refugees to guide refugee service providers and classroom teachers. The materials include background information about trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder and specific information about problems of refugees and victims of war trauma.…