Close reading requires students to unpack the implicit relationships within and across sentences. The authors discuss three potential barriers to comprehension embedded within text that they have seen with their own students and with the teachers they have worked with: anaphoric relationships, connectives, and appositives. The authors begin each…

Perhaps the greatest challenge to creating a research timeline on teaching and learning collocation is deciding how wide to cast the net in the search for relevant publications. For one thing, the term "collocation" does not have the same meaning for all (applied) linguists and practitioners (Barfield & Gyllstad 2009) (see timeline).…

ESL/EFL teachers can face several challenges when it comes to a focus on language forms in the classroom. How should teachers integrate the instruction of structural language forms with meaning-based activities? How necessary is a focus on form for student language learning? In what contexts is an explicit focus on form in the classroom most…

Essentialism is an approach assuming that people and things have natural and essential common characteristics which are inherent, innate and unchanging. Thus, it is regarded as an educational philosophy. However, having the common essence and the same essentials at the same levels can lead to undesired practices in real life too. Even nouns and…

The article deals with the meanings of the English preposition "by" in the IX-XIX centuries and their Azerbaijani equivalents. During that period the preposition "by" had more than 10 variants of writing. From the IX to the XIX centuries the preposition "by" was used in 6 main meanings: the meanings were connected…