Describes the development of a scheme for measuring instructional interactivity in multimedia/computer-based training materials. Identifies four categories of content-specific interactions: enriching, supportive, conveyance, and constructive, including the instructional value of each. Illustrates the shorthand action score and discusses extending…

Examines the effects of gender, personality, and keyboard control on foreign language and interaction patterns of 60 intermediate French students in a computer-assisted language learning environment at the university level. Results indicate that learning achievement and interaction patterns at the computer are more strongly related to personality…

Student motivation is a cause of great concern for educators at all levels, but perhaps never more so than during the middle school years. Teachers' observations about declines in student interest and confidence in academic tasks are borne out by a number of large-scale empirical studies. In this article, the author examines how teachers create…