Educators often lack the proper tools and time to teach each child to read fluently, which requires distinct and interrelated word recognition and language comprehension processes. The lack of reading proficiency strongly correlates to academic struggles throughout elementary school and beyond, creating academic performance gaps between readers…

The "LNR" Program was established at J. F. Ingram State Technical College as an individualized reading program for low-level and nonreaders (LNRs) who are incarcerated at one of four prisons in central Alabama. The program combined the following instructional methods: individual work, group work, instructor/student interaction, lecture,…