The present article provides a primer on using effect sizes in research. A small heuristic data set is used in order to make the discussion concrete. Additionally, various admonitions for best practice in reporting and interpreting effect sizes are presented. Among these is the admonition to not use Cohen's benchmarks for "small," "medium," and…

An overview of several statistics useful in interpreting variates constructed by using canonical correlation analysis is presented. A computer program which calculates coefficients not typically provided by computer packages is discussed. An illustrative example of the output is provided. (Author/JKS)

The present article presents a tutorial on how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) described the failure to report effect sizes as a "defect" (p. 5), and 23 journals have published author guidelines requiring effect size reporting. Although…

This paper provides an introduction to basic issues concerning structural equation modeling (SEM), a research methodology increasingly being used in social science research. First, seven key issues that must be considered in any SEM analysis are explained. These include matrix of associations to analyze, model identification, parameter estimation…

An improved quantitative science would emphasize the use of confidence intervals (CIs), especially CIs for effect sizes. This article reviews definitions and issues related to developing these intervals. CIs for effect sizes are especially valuable because they facilitate meta-analytic thinking and interpretations of intervals via comparison with…