This paper describes four commonly used designs in equating test scores. These designs are: (1) single-group; (2) random-group; (3) equivalent-group; and (4) anchor-test. Each design requires that its data be collected according to specific guidelines. Three of the four methods are illustrated through hypothetical examples. All four methods try to…

This paper addresses four steps in test construction specification: (1) the purpose of the test; (2) the content of the test; (3) the format of the test; and (4) the pool of items. If followed, such steps not only will assist the test constructor but will also enhance the students' learning. Within the "Content of the Test" section, two…