The three most common paradigms used to develop leadership prescriptions are the empirical, biographical, and ideological. The empirical paradigm is subdivided into quantitative and qualitative versions. Similarly, there are two forms of the biographical paradigm: historical and autobiographical. The ideological paradigm involves an appeal to…

Leadership scholars are confronted with the challenges of integrating spirituality into existing theories of leadership and developing new models that incorporate the leader's spiritual self and ontological power. These challenges call for multidisciplinary research in both quantitative and qualitative traditions and beg for collaboration between…