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Brown, H. Douglas – TESOL Quarterly, 1980
It is argued that acculturation, anomie, social distance, and perceived social distance rather than biological factors define a critical period independent of the age of the learner for second language acquisition. Suggestions for planning instructional strategies and selecting materials based on this hypothesis are given. (PMJ)
Descriptors: Cultural Influences, Curriculum Development, Individual Development, Learning Readiness

Patkowski, Mark – Applied Linguistics, 1990
Arguments raised against the Critical Period Hypothesis of second language learning are refuted. It is suggested both that sufficient research evidence exists to support the hypothesis and that the hypothesis was not represented accurately or contradicted convincingly in the criticisms. (Author/MSE)
Descriptors: Age Differences, Applied Linguistics, Language Proficiency, Learning Readiness
Holec, H. – 1979
One of the recent trends in language learning is training the learner to learn, so that he or she becomes "autonomous," that is, able to carry out alone the various steps in the learning process. This article concentrates on one of the most important of those steps, the analysis and fulfillment of the learner's needs, and it shows that this is…
Descriptors: Adults, Communicative Competence (Languages), Independent Study, Individual Needs

Wiss, Corrinne – Canadian Modern Language Review, 1989
A case study of a child not developmentally ready to handle the linguistic demands of a second language in an academic setting is presented as representative of a subgroup of students. It is suggested that new paradigms for researching suitability of early French immersion for all students are needed. (21 references) (Author/MSE)
Descriptors: Case Studies, Child Development, Cognitive Ability, Elementary Education
Regan, Maureen – 1985
Only a fraction of one percent of elementary school children in the United States are enrolled in the study of a foreign language, yet the United States must compete in a multilingual world market. American educators must reevaluate the means by which they prepare future citizens for productive living in an ever-shrinking global society. Piaget,…
Descriptors: Age Differences, Children, Cognitive Processes, Educational Needs

Cummins, Jim – TESOL Quarterly, 1980
It is argued that cognitive/academic language proficiencies in first and second languages are interdependent and empirically distinguishable from interpersonal communication skills. This analysis is applied to the interpretation of data on the effects of bilingual education programs and on the age issue in second language learning. (PMJ)
Descriptors: Age, Bilingual Education, Cognitive Processes, Communication Skills

Killoran, Isabel – Canadian Children, 2001
Presents concerns over the "Early Years Study" (McCain & Mustard). Focuses on diversity issues related to the readiness measure used, parenting styles, and the importance of first language development. Questions the report's definition of "developmentally-attuned." Concludes by expressing hope that the Early Years Study…
Descriptors: Brain, Child Development, Developmentally Appropriate Practices, Diversity (Student)

Dulay, Heidi; Burt, Marina – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 1979
Seven priorities in bilingual education research are suggested: effectiveness of bilingual education programs; second language acquisition; acquisition and use of minority languages in the United States; cultural and other differences between students and school; readiness for instruction in the second language; student assessment and diagnosis;…
Descriptors: Bilingual Education, Elementary Education, English (Second Language), Federal Programs