This report presents the findings of the second wave of the Working Lives of Teachers and Leaders survey conducted between 2 February and 11 May 2023. This was during a period of industrial action and wider cost of living pressures. The 2023/24 pay award for teachers was agreed in July 2023. This research report was written before the new UK Government took office on 5 July 2024. As a result, the content may not reflect current Government policy. In part, the survey uses a longitudinal design so all those participating at wave 1 (2022) were approached to participate at wave 2 (2023). In addition, some new teachers and leaders were invited to take part in 2023 so that the survey remains representative of the whole population. A total of 10,411 teachers and leaders took part in the 2023 survey as well as 442 individuals who left English state school teaching between 2022 and 2023.