Australia's national educational goals place considerable importance on the place of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in education. The Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians of December 2008 asserted that "in this digital age young people need to be highly skilled in the use of ICT" (MCEETYA, 2008). This assertion continued a theme from the earlier Adelaide Declaration of Australia's National Goals for Schooling (which were still operative at the time of the present survey--NAP-ICTL08) which stated that when students left school they should be: "confident, creative and productive users of new technologies, particularly information and communication technologies, and understand the impact of those technologies on society" (MCEETYA, 1999). This current report is based on the second cycle of national assessments of ICT Literacy (NAP-ICTL08) which was conducted in October 2008. It provides information about ICT literacy among Australian school students in 2008 and reports changes in ICT literacy between 2005 (the time of the first cycle) and 2008. It reports on ICT literacy overall and for particular groups of students. The assessment made use of the computer-based assessment tool that been developed for the 2005 survey and extended this approach to performance assessment to embrace some new developments. The assessment survey was conducted in a nationally representative sample of 10,926 students from Years 6 and 10 in 591 Australian schools. Appended are: (1) Sample characteristics; (2) ICT literacy scale descriptors and examples; and (3) Distribution of student scores over proficiency levels by jurisdiction. (Contains 41 tables, 5 figures and 10 footnotes.) [For related reports, see "National Assessment Program--ICT Literacy Years 6 & 10 School Assessment Exemplars, 2008" (ED534807) and "National Assessment Program, Information and Communication Technology Literacy 2008, Years 6 and 10: An Assessment Domain for ICT Literacy" (ED534801).]