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Lee, Eunjung; Lee, Won-Chan; Brennan, Robert L. – College Board, 2012
In almost all high-stakes testing programs, test equating is necessary to ensure that test scores across multiple test administrations are equivalent and can be used interchangeably. Test equating becomes even more challenging in mixed-format tests, such as Advanced Placement Program® (AP®) Exams, that contain both multiple-choice and constructed…
Descriptors: Test Construction, Test Interpretation, Test Norms, Test Reliability
DeCarlo, Lawrence T. – ETS Research Report Series, 2008
Rater behavior in essay grading can be viewed as a signal-detection task, in that raters attempt to discriminate between latent classes of essays, with the latent classes being defined by a scoring rubric. The present report examines basic aspects of an approach to constructed-response (CR) scoring via a latent-class signal-detection model. The…
Descriptors: Scoring, Responses, Test Format, Bias

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