Socio-economically advantaged and disadvantaged students are not equally exposed to mathematics problems and concepts at school. Exposure to mathematics at school has an impact on performance, and disadvantaged students' relative lack of familiarity with mathematics partly explains their lower performance. Widening access to mathematics content…

Previous studies have examined relationships between skills and economic distributions within and across countries to mixed results that relate to both variation in empirical methods and to limited availabilities of consistent skill data separate from education histories. Using multifaceted and internationally comparable skill data from the…