The current problems of higher education in Poland are addressed, with focus on its variety, operation, and history. The emphasis is on the development of events during the past decade and particularly since 1980. One in a series of monographs on national systems of higher education in Europe, this report covers the following: (1) introduction;…

Individual states' educational policy reforms in the 1980s were aimed at improving the quality of both science education and mathematics education in elementary and secondary schools. Many states have raised standards for teacher certification, increased course requirements for graduation, revised state curriculum frameworks, and established new…