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Following the Letter of the Law: 2020-21 Retention Outcomes under Michigan's Read by Grade Three Law
Download full textJohn Westall; Andrew Utter; Katharine O. Strunk – Education Policy Innovation Collaborative, 2023
Early literacy skills are critical to the educational outcomes of young students. Accordingly, 19 states have early literacy policies that require grade retention for underperforming readers at the end of third grade. However, there is mixed evidence about retention's effectiveness and concerns that retention may disproportionately impact…
Descriptors: Educational Legislation, State Legislation, Emergent Literacy, Grade Repetition
