The aim of this study is to provide a retrospective on the reorganisation of the school network in Portugal between 2005 and 2007. Underlying measures predicted the closure of approximately 2000 primary schools, mainly situated in rural areas. This is a current topic of considerable controversy considering the reform which is being implemented and…

Higher education policy-making in France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and whether it fits the national policy styles of those countries, is investigated. Aspects of policy change, centralism, consultation, openness, conflict level, and deliberation are discussed. (Author/MLW)

A discussion of Scotland's new modular approach to vocational education and certification, providing training modules in both secondary and higher education institutions, looks at problems created, particularly in the secondary education system. Unified academic/vocational or dual-track systems are considered as alternatives to the current…

A new system in which French higher education policy is evaluated through the policies of each institution is described. Characteristics of the French university and university system are examined, the national evaluation committee's structure is outlined, and the logistics of the evaluation process are discussed. (MSE)

The development of postsecondary technical engineering education in Belgium is traced. Problems that are discussed include: the proliferation of engineering schools, government role, industry school relationship, and the maintenance of high quality engineering programs. (BH)

Austrian higher education is described with specific reference to the organization and study reforms that Austrian universities have undergone. The increasing number of Austrian students may require continuing reform of the higher education system and the future outlook is discussed. (BH)

The development of the Scottish higher education system over the past century is reviewed. Institutional and administrative structures, growth patterns, and problems that face higher education in Scotland are examined with specific reference to its relationship with higher education throughout the United Kingdom. (BH)

The structure of higher education in Switzerland is outlined and the roles of the universities, higher technical schools, and social schools are described. Also addressed are: research and higher education, the labor market, student characteristics, and the future outlook for Swiss higher education. (BH)