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Direct linkWong, Vivian C.; Valentine, Jeffrey C.; Miller-Bains, Kate – Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2017
This article summarizes results from 12 empirical evaluations of observational methods in education contexts. We look at the performance of three common covariate-types in observational studies where the outcome is a standardized reading or math test. They are: pretest measures, local geographic matching, and rich covariate sets with a strong…
Descriptors: Observation, Educational Research, Standardized Tests, Reading Tests
Hubert, John A. – 1978
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act Title I Evaluation and Reporting System is a method for giving a federally funded project in reading or math an overall score on its cognitive effectiveness. This System introduced the Normal Curve Equivalent (NCE) as an aid in aggregating Title I program scores across states and nationwide regardless of…
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Achievement Tests, Compensatory Education, Control Groups
