Whether to adopt national standards and tests has long been a subject of lively debate in the United States. With 47 states now participating in the Common Core State Standards Initiative, and a commitment from Education Secretary Arne Duncan to allocate hundreds of millions in stimulus funds to the development of common tests, the country is…

This nine-part literature review examines ways in which community college administrators are dealing with the rapidly changing social, political, and educational environment. Part I examines some of the external pressures placed on community colleges to change both policy and programs, and argues against reactive responses to these changes. Part…