Many students find it difficult to learn the kinds of knowledge and thinking required by college or high school courses in mathematics, science, or other complex domains. Thus they often emerge with significant misconceptions, fragmented knowledge, and inadequate problem-solving skills. Most instructors or textbook authors approach their teaching…

In developing countries, the means of both providing school-age children with a basic education and extending secondary and technical education are adversely affected by the lack of educational facilities. In addition, vast numbers of adults need to be taught to read and write so that they can participate in the process of development. Experts on…