An investigation was conducted for the purpose of creating a valid and reliable instrument that could serve the Nova University ( Florida) Programs for Higher Education (PHE) central administrative and field staff in counseling new field-based doctoral students who have exhibited less positive or negative attitudes toward independent learning.…

Describes a study conducted at the University of Manitoba (Canada) that investigated the magnitude and nature of demographic changes in distance-education students. Results indicate that the independent-study population has shifted toward younger students, local residence, and full-time course loads that combine independent study with on-campus…