In this article, we develop the "4-trans" framework by reflecting on the way current multilingual teacher preparation scholarship has addressed "trans"languaging, "trans"nationalism, "trans"culturality, and "trans"disciplinarity either in compartmentalized or integrative manners. While current…

The concept of translanguaging is increasingly prevalent in the field of foreign language teaching, generating efforts to understand how foreign language teachers use translanguaging and introduce its benefits in the classroom. However, current understandings of teachers' uses of translanguaging do not yet sufficiently reflect its complexity.…

Current theory and research into the oral-written relationship are reviewed. Three models of reading comprehension based on oral-written language skills are reviewed as representative and their implications for reading instruction in grades 4-12 and in bilingual-bicultural classrooms are determined. The mingling of oral and literate strategies, in…

This monograph presents language factors related to bilingualism, to assist educators to distinguish normal phenomena due to bilingualism from symptoms of a handicapping condition. The first section, called "The Nature of Bilingualism," discusses the diversity of bilingual students and their dynamic use of two languages, focusing on simultaneous…

Reviews the literature on second language medium of instruction and educational achievement in Kenya using classroom data from English, Kiswahili, and mother tongue mathematics lessons and from lessons where code switching occurred. Argues that regardless of the instructional medium, a transmissional model of teaching and learning predominates.…