Text-learning strategies may help students to: (1) focus attention on key concepts; (2) organize information for storage and retrieval; and (3) integrate new information with existing, related knowledge. Since these strategies can provide learning contexts that stimulate attentional and organizational processes, their use with older adult students…

While many contemporary developmental theorists have avoided taking a stand on the controversial relationship between learning and development, this paper is based on the belief that the notion of "bandwidth of competence," or L. S. Vygotsky's "zone of proximal development," provides a useful framework for considering this…

The literature of foreign language research is reviewed for its applications of the expressions "learner-centered instruction" and "communicative approach." It is proposed that the emphasis in these approaches is misplaced and produces resistance rather than willingness by the students. (MSE)

Research indicates that the brain grows in spurts occurring every two years or so and alternating with plateau periods in which the gains due to growth are consolidated. While the number of brain cells no longer increases after the age of about 18 months, substantial increases in the complexity of neural networks occur generally between the ages…

This paper examines the educational philosophy underlying Waldorf Education, focusing on Rudolf Steiner's concept of "vital" or etheric energy and comparing Piaget's and Steiner's stages of cognition. The paper begins with a discussion of school readiness and the trend toward lowering the school entry age, and maintains that this trend…