The current study provides a meta-analysis of global research on using representations to support the learning of mathematics in Pre-K through Grade 5. A total of 13 primary studies encompassing 1,941 subjects was analyzed. The weighted mean effect size for the 13 studies was reported to be ES = 0.53 (SE = 0.05). A 95% confidence interval around…

Reviews literature related to physiological differences between boys and girls and the relationship to mathematical achievement. The areas of intelligence, spatial visualization, and brain laterality are examined. Suggests further questions for research. Lists 30 references. (YP)