Weak states such as India and Kenya may seek to maintain or enhance their legitimacy by expanding access to higher education regardless of manpower needs or scarcity of financial resources. Three common strategies are increasing higher education enrollments, maintaining low fees and high subsidies for postsecondary students, and supporting a…

Chinese history is outlined, modern developments briefly described and compared to events in Japan, and the development of the formal education system covered. Universalized educational opportunity and hierarchies in the school system are discussed as well as the school system in general and teacher education programs. (MH)