Freire advanced critical consciousness as a tool for the liberation of oppressed communities. Based on his ideas, scholars of theory and practice from myriad disciplines have written about how to advance critical consciousness (CC) among oppressed peoples. We reviewed CC theory and practice articles in scholarly journals with the goal of…

Discusses the characteristics, origins, and evolution of Latin American "popular education," a nonformal approach that incorporates consciousness raising and activist organization in the education of economically and politically subjugated adults. Describes community participatory-investigation activities as the typical first step beyond…