This meta-analysis, spanning 5 decades of Draw-A-Scientist studies, examined U.S. children's gender-science stereotypes linking science with men. These stereotypes should have weakened over time because women's representation in science has risen substantially in the United States, and mass media increasingly depict female scientists. Based on 78…

An extraordinary physiological capacity combined with remarkable motor control, perception, and cognitive functioning is crucial for high performance in sports. Tests that assess the physical abilities are already well established. Moreover, a growing area of research evolved in the recent past that is particularly concerned with the basic…

Over the past decade, the National Center for Research on Gifted Education (NCRGE), funded by the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Program, has conducted large-scale, multi-method studies to improve equity in the identification of and instructional support for gifted students. NCRGE has identified barriers and promising…

Over the past decade, the National Center for Research on Gifted Education (NCRGE), funded by the Jacob K. Javits Gifted and Talented Students Education Program, has conducted large-scale, multi-method studies to improve equity in the identification of and instructional support for gifted students. NCRGE has identified barriers and promising…

A working group of the 2016 International Summit on Intellectual Disability and Dementia was charged to examine the terminology used to define and report on dementia in publications related to intellectual disability (ID). A review of related publications showed mixed uses of terms associated with dementia or causative diseases. As with dementia…

We conducted a meta-analysis of 31 studies, spanning 30 years, utilizing the WCST in participants with autism. We calculated Cohen's d effect sizes for four measures of performance: sets completed, perseveration, failure-to-maintain-set, and non-perseverative errors. The average weighted effect size ranged from 0.30 to 0.74 for each measure, all…

For over 60 years, longitudinal research on tens of thousands of high ability and intellectually precocious youth has consistently revealed the importance of spatial ability for hands-on creative accomplishments and the development of expertise in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) disciplines. Yet, individual differences in…

This review of 20 years of developmental research on Executive Functions (EF) offers a broad-brushstroke picture that touches on multiple issues including: (i) findings from typical and atypical groups, from infancy to adolescence; (ii) advances in assessment tools and in statistical analysis; (iii) the interplay between EF and other cognitive…

Gender, racial, and ethnic differences occur in vocational and cognitive ability assessments when the average scores of various groups are not equal. Results of such assessments indicate that not all groups are equally represented at all points of the assessment continuum. Many attempts to reduce or minimize existing group differences have been…

Improving cognitive skills of young children has been suggested as a possible strategy for equalising opportunities across racial groups. Using data on four and five year olds in the Longitudinal Survey of Australian Children, we focus on two cognitive tests: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and the "Who Am I?" test. We estimate the…

Current studies of cognition emphasize the contrast between two approaches to analysis of individual differences. It is concluded that the cognitive components approach incorporates the cognitive correlates approach, avoids the inadequacy of correlational methods, and models individual differences on various dimensions of cognitive functioning.…

Sex differences in variability of performance on cognitive tests were previously examined by calculating the ratios of males' variances to females' variances. Reasons why variance ratios were summarized by medians are discussed. (SLD)

Reanalysis of A. Feingold's examination of variability differences between males and females on several nationally normed cognitive test batteries does not yield substantially different conclusions, but the method of averaging variance ratios exaggerates the differences in male and female variability. Simply averaging ratios of variance can lead…

This overview of recent research on individual differences especially concerns that research which relates to human learning and instruction. Several major areas of research are identified, and within each area various issues related to that area and representative studies are discussed. Whenever possible, references to more comprehensive reviews…

Summarizes data related to the stability and variation in the norms for the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test (J. Raven, 1936), a measure of basic cognitive functioning, for different cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups worldwide and within countries. Also considers variation over time and suggests an explanation for the variation in norms…