This article presents a method for teaching the meaning of the word "hope" to students of English as a second/foreign language. (CFM)

Proposes an error gravity/distribution factor to give a mathematically consistent evaluation method to error analysis. Such an approach assumes that "seriousness" of error is related to frequency of output and not to notions of degree of communicative difficulty. Distribution of error type is also taken into account. (PJM)

Suggests that while slavish, excessive memorization is a habit that hinders the development of critical skills while stifling originality and precision, in certain cases the best approach is to accept the memorization habit partially, in order to exploit it for its own eventual elimination. Capitalizing on students' intellectual curiosity…

Discusses methods for encouraging advanced language students to learn on their own. Successful learning results from the high stimulation and continuous activity of conscious and unconscious observation. If the learner is enabled to observe consciously outside the classroom, he will do it unconsciously and learning will be constant. (PJM)

This article gives many suggestions for using drama in the foreign language classroom. (CFM)

Discusses some reasons offered for the ease with which young children learn a second language. Children of kindergarten age can learn language in a playlike atmosphere in groups no larger than 10-12 children. Pronunciation is the outstanding skill, but comprehension and active speaking also show favorable results. (PJM)

Deals with English stress problems for Iraqis under three main headings: single-stressed words, double-stressed words, and unstressed syllables. While stress in Arabic is predictable, stress in English is not. The Iraqi will transfer native-language stress patterns to English. Errors cause miscommunication and are difficult to pinpoint. (PJM)

Suggestions are offered for teaching a foreign language to children. The teacher needs to use materials in the foreign language, first spoken and then written ones. Arousing the children's curiosity to make them want to understand the language is an important motivating technique. (SW)

Suggests that books written for English-speaking children can be used effectively in the EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classroom. The teacher may choose one particular text to use effectively in many different ways. (CFM)

The following aspects of using the overhead projector in the advanced reading class are discussed: (1) control of focus by pointing, underlining, or circling; (2) control of how much text the students read at one time; (3) use of overlays to isolate different aspects of the text; and (4) progressive processing of the text. (SW)

Different types of stress, rhythm, and intonation used by Nigerian speakers of English are analyzed, and lexical differences are discussed. Problems with vowels, consonants, and syllable structure are also covered. (SW)

The role of instructional games in foreign language learning at the intermediate and advanced levels is discussed. Games can provide a framework for correct usage of language and can generate conversation. A classroom game involving conversation for shopping using the words "any" and "some" is described. (SW)

An instructional technique for foreign language communicative learning involving incomplete visuals is discussed. Exercises using visual materials that require students to communicate to seek and obtain information that they do not already posses are illustrated. (SW)

A list is presented of special factors pertaining to English as a foreign language class in England that provide strong arguments for organizing them along resource-based learning situations. Students can be in control of their studies, engaging in independent, individual work. (SW)

A list is presented of various types of contextual aids in vocabulary development particularly appropriate for learning English as a second language (ESL), and a program is outlined to teach ESL students word building skills and to teach them to guess word meanings from context clues. (SW)