For English as a Second Language (ESL) students or English Language Learners (ELLs), the use of various adverbial clauses was summarized and illustrated of comparison, concession, condition, degree, manner, place, proportion, purpose, reason (or cause), result, and time, including the non-finite clauses, some prepositions, and prepositional…

This course on the language of Sri Lanka is intended to be taken under a Sinhala-speaking instructor. The present module is intended as a reference manual on Sinhala structures which will supplement and expand on the brief notes that appear in Module 2 (see related documents). After a brief explanation of the Sinhala sound system, the grammatical…

Complements a previous article on the Russian verb system, treating deverbals (participles and gerunds) and the imperative mood. Paradigms for deriving each form for the three verb classes are indicated where (1) the infinitive is base form; (2) past tense is derived from infinitive; and (3) neither past nor nonpast is derived from infinitive.…

A descriptive grammar of Ewondo, a Northwest Bantu language spoken in southern Cameroon, Africa is presented. Ewondo is a dialect cluster which is part of a larger dialect cluster usually called Yaunde-Fang. The variety of Ewondo presented is based on the speech of a single individual, who comes from Yaounde-Eturi. Occasional references to other…

The workbook accompanies the "Intermediate Pashto" textbook (FL 019 797), and provides additional explanations, in English, of Pashtun culture and Pashto grammar. It also contains additional exercises, with answer keys. The units and sections correspond to those of the textbook. Unit overviews are intended to be read, with parallel…

This workbook in French grammar, intended for American college students, provides instruction and practice in French morphology, syntax, vocabulary, punctuation, and language style at the intermediate level. It is also designed to increase or reinforce the students' understanding of English grammar, based on the assumption that American students…

A handbook to the grammar of Mauritanian Arabic (Hassaniya) is intended for Peace Corps volunteers, and is designed to focus attention on proper grammatical forms. Lesson topics include the article, personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, negation of the implied verb "to be," noun gender, adjective gender, number, "there is/are and…

The text for a course in Cebuano, a major language of the Philippines, has five objectives: (1) to learn the sound system and intonation pattern, (2) to master a limited but functional vocabulary through context, (3) to master the basic syntactic structures, (4) to master the basic conversational sentences, and (5) to understand the culture the…

The student manual of a Hausa language course is designed for the training of Peace Corps volunteers in Nigeria. It consists of 12 lessons emphasizing grammar and vocabulary development for interpersonal communication. Lesson topics include daily communication needs and market vocabulary and expressions. The lessons contain information and…

The textbook for intermediate level Pashto instruction consists of 14 units (15-28) on a variety of cultural topics and linguistic structures. Cultural topics include engagement and marriage, children's education, agriculture and related subjects, the family, Pashtun history, genealogies of major Pashtun tribes, the Pashtun code of behavior,…

The first in a series of three volumes comprising a college-level course in Kikuyu, a Bantu language, this document contains the outline for a full-length course whose objective is to provide oral mastery of grammatical principles necessary for more than survival-level proficiency. The 20 units are organized into grammatical categories. Each unit…

This Peace Corps guide to individual, independent, or group study of Chichewa provides basic conversational vocabulary and phrases necessary for Peace Corps volunteer survival skills in Malawi. The 20 lessons consist of dialogues, vocabulary, and exercises on these topics: greetings; self-introduction; discussing others; relatives; professions;…

A collection of 54 lessons in Hiligaynon, one of the major languages of the Philippines, is divided into 12 units, each lesson intended for about 4 to 5 hours of classroom instruction. A brief grammar summary introduces each unit. A structural content note begins each lesson within the units, followed by microdialogues (two to four lines)…

The instructional materials for Armenian are designed for the language training of Peace Corps volunteers in Armenia. They use a competency-based approach focusing on content, cultural context, and communication purpose simultaneously. Some are closely tied to work tasks, others to daily communication needs. A brief introductory section gives an…