Noting that the emphasis in writing instruction over the past 40 years has shifted from product to process, this digest reviews the course and the primary features of this evolution from 1960-1999. The digest's first section discusses the move from writing product to writing process in the 1970s and 1980s, noting the groundswell of support for…

Alternative forms of evaluating student progress are changing testing or assessment in U.S. schools. From the teacher-made to the standardized test, the familiar over-emphasis on multiple-choice items is giving way to expanded generative formats in which students are called upon to demonstrate mastery through applications in which they use complex…

When considering the role of technology in adult learning, adult educators must determine how to respond to technology and exploit it without diminishing the learning experience. Four approaches to integrating technology into adult learning are currently being used: technology as curriculum (adults not only learn content through technology but…

The use of distance learning programs at the postsecondary level is expected to grow throughout the 1990s, with much of the growth taking place in community colleges. As of 1994, 80% of community colleges offered some form of distance education (DE) programs. A 1992 national survey of DE practices reported that broadcast television was the most…

From its beginnings in 1906, cooperative education has evolved into a program offered at the secondary and postsecondary levels in two predominant models: (1) students complete multiple cycles of equal periods of academic coursework and paid employment; and (2) students' school day is split between school (usually in the morning) and work (usually…

Distance education (DE) is increasingly seen as a powerful vehicle for delivering various types of education, including career and technical education (CTE). Fast-paced, pervasive changes in the economic, social, and technological foundations of education and educational delivery, including the increasing use of information and communications…