The application of a linear learning model, which combines learning theory with a structural analysis of the exercises given to students, to an elementary mathematics curriculum is examined. Elementary arithmetic items taken by about 100 second-grade students on 26 weekly tests form the data base. Weekly predictions of group performance on…

A discussion is presented concerning variables associated with children's representation of certain addition and subtraction problems. Problem components are classified as physical, pictorial, sensual, verbal-spoken, verbal-written, symbolic, or internal. Problems are discussed as abstract (symbolic) or nonsymbolic. Three problem components are…