Being able to pronounce a language so that a listener can understand (i.e., intelligibly) is critical to achieving communicative competence (Munro & Derwing, 1995), but is Duolingo helpful in this regard? Given Duolingo's status as the world's most widely used language-learning app (Hirschi, 2020), understanding its potential is important to…

Research has revealed the positive impact of intelligent personal assistants (IPAs) on L2 learners' oral development and learning attitude. These studies, however, focused mostly on the in-class use of IPAs, with existing research on the out-of-class use being exploratory. To fill the gap of lacking empirical investigations on IPA-based autonomous…

Despite the large amount of research that has taken place with mobile devices for language learning over the years, there are still limited conclusions that can be reached as to what contributes to sustained task engagement. A common problem that has long been seen in the CALL literature is that many tasks and activities that are reported are…