In bilingual elementary classrooms where English is taught as a foreign language, science lessons often prioritize spoken interaction, while reading and writing receive less emphasis. This article explores how Cognitive Discourse Functions (CDFs)--such as defining, explaining, hypothesizing, and evaluating--can support disciplinary and…

Due to increasing globalisation, workforce mobility and international assignments, higher education providers are attempting to equip their graduates with professional knowledge and proficient language skills to enhance their competitiveness in the global job market. In addition, intercultural competence is regarded as essential to enable…