The purpose of this study is to compare the differences of four essential aspects (i.e., representational forms, contextual features, cognitive demand levels, and response types) embedded in mathematical problems within the topics of numbers and operations in mathematics textbooks used in Finland, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan. This…

This study examined the strategies used by pre-service teachers when responding to number sense related questions. 15 pre-service teachers from one University in Southern Taiwan were interviewed. Results indicated that about one-third of these pre-service teachers were able to use number sense strategies (such as understanding the meaning of…

Explores the differences of problem-solving procedures and thinking structures between science and nonscience Chinese graduate students. Discusses differences in designing experiments, exploring new questions, planning, assumptions, and validity. Concludes that the reasoner's epistemology or academic experiences might strongly influence these…