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Takatoyo Umemoto; Tsutomu Inagaki – Journal of Education and Learning, 2025
This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationship between motivation and engagement in out-of-class learning among Japanese undergraduates by using a cross-lagged panel model. Two online surveys were conducted with 293 university students in Japan. This study measured motivation and engagement with regard to out-of-class tasks (homework) for…
Descriptors: Learning Motivation, Learner Engagement, Undergraduate Students, Foreign Countries