The present research used a longitudinal framework to test a model of willingness to communicate (L2WTC), informal digital learning of English (IDLE), and foreign language boredom (FLB) in learning English as a foreign language among 325 Iranian university students attending a course in general English for 4 months via a latent change score…

In spite of the proliferation of research studies on vocabulary knowledge, investigating the relationship between self-regulation, vocabulary size, and collocational knowledge among English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners has received scant attention. The current study aimed to investigate whether vocabulary and collocation size can explain…

Various determinants contribute to the disappointing outcomes of the EFL programmes in non-Anglophone countries, thereby limiting citizens in these countries access to international academic and economic platforms. One such determinant is EFL teachers' productive feedback practice. Productive feedback is embedded in a constructivist view of…

Although robots' social behaviors are known for their capacity to facilitate learner-robot interaction for language learning, their application and effect have not been adequately explored. This study reviewed 59 empirical articles to examine the contexts and application of various social behaviors of robots for language learning, and conducted a…

This study investigated the relationship between working memory (WM), semantic-encoding (SE) ability, and reading comprehension (RC) within the domain of second language acquisition (L2). 120 L1-Persian EFL learners were placed in three proficiency groups (beginning, intermediate, and advanced) based on their scores on the IELTS test. The…

Research has postulated a link between teachers' beliefs and agentic decisions. This study sought to investigate 215 Iranian EFL preservice teachers' conceptions of assessment, assessment agency, and the interrelationship between these two constructs. Using structural equation modeling, the results revealed that collaboration and reflection…

The purpose of this study was to construct a local preliminary model of online Teacher Professional Development (OTPD) by implementing a netnographic (virtual ethnographic) approach. Over a period of two years in a Telegram group in Iran, the researchers, working collaboratively with 10 Iranian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers and 6…

There are a few empirical studies on comparative effects of CALL-based assessment and traditional assessment on Iranian EFL students' vocabulary learning; therefore, the present research tried to fill this gap. To achieve this purpose, the NELT was administered to 89 EFL students, and 58 of them whose level of English proficiency was the…

The present study aimed to investigate the role of procedural and content repetition in enhancing intermediate EFL learners' reading fluency (measured by reading rate) and comprehension. To this end, 45 intermediate EFL learners were recruited and randomly divided into three groups: procedural repetition (PR), content repetition (CR), and control…

Developing intercultural communicative competence (ICC) is an important part of learning a foreign language, even though some second/foreign language (L2) teachers ignore adopting the intercultural approach to language teaching. Considering the pedagogical significance of intercultural knowledge, this study aimed at investigating Iranian…

Well-being can play a vital role in a student's trait emotional intelligence (EI) and emotion regulation that indirectly results in successful learning, rarely investigated in a second language (L2) context. The current research examined the role of well-being manifestations (i.e., hedonic and eudaimonic orientations) in L2 trait EI and emotion…

The lack of comprehensive language proficiency assessment models recognizing the nonlinearity and dynamicity of individual differences, as well as the fundamental differences between paper- and computer-assisted language assessments (CALA) served as the rationale to conduct the present study. Drawing on dynamic systems theory, a Nonlinear Dynamic…

Constructive alignment, as a less examined issue in the English language learning context, is a technique to align learning outcomes, teaching activities, and assessment based on the competencies that learners need to achieve. This study examined whether teaching academic paragraph writing in a virtual flipped classroom according to the…

While L2 grit has been increasingly related to language learning outcomes, scant attention has been dedicated to the investigation of the antecedents of L2 grit. To partially address the issue, the present multicultural study models the relationships among L2 grit, academic buoyancy, and self-efficacy. A total of 824 English as a Foreign Language…

The impact of students' intrinsic or extrinsic motivations on their future intentions for online language schooling has been widely documented, but further emphasis needs to be placed on examining motivation beyond traditional theories. Thus, the current study sought to pivot the focus from intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to university language…