ICAP is a framework that classifies learning processes based on students' explicit behaviors. The framework is developed for testing the hypothesis that interactive exercises are better than constructive exercises, and active exercises are better than the passive exercises for higher cognitive engagement and better learning outcomes. The ICAP…

Polemics on the low quality of teaching and learning outcomes during the period of transition from online to offline learning is an issue that must be addressed by vocational education institutions. This study aims to analyze the effects of retraining and teaching experience on successful learning outcomes during the transition period, either…