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El Masri, Yasmine H.; Andrich, David – Applied Measurement in Education, 2020
In large-scale educational assessments, it is generally required that tests are composed of items that function invariantly across the groups to be compared. Despite efforts to ensure invariance in the item construction phase, for a range of reasons (including the security of items) it is often necessary to account for differential item…
Descriptors: Models, Goodness of Fit, Test Validity, Achievement Tests