Problematic Internet use (PIU) can lead to dysfunction and undesired consequences, especially in adolescents and youths. Studies have shown that personal emotional characteristics and relationships with others are associated with PIU. We pursue the neglected question of whether there is a correlation between personal ability, such as new media literacy (NML), and PIU. Chinese university students' PIU has received insufficient scholarly attention, and its relationship with NML is unclear. Therefore, we examined the correlation between PIU and NML in 462 Chinese university students. The results showed that PIU was widespread in varying degrees, and the NML score was 4.23 out of 5. Personal NML was positively correlated with PIU, especially the critical prosuming dimension. Gender influenced neither PIU nor new media literacy. Students' residence was only positively associated with NML, not PIU. Gender and place of residence did not moderate the correlation between NML and PIU, and place of residence also did not moderate the correlation between gender and PIU. These findings provide insight into the relationship between humans and the Internet and have practical implications regarding preventive interventions for emerging adults.