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Huiyu Zhang; Yayu Shi; Haitao Liu – International Journal of Multilingualism, 2024
This study analyses the evolving means of China's formal language policy on Putonghua and minority languages from 1986 to 2021. This paper identifies four stages based on the shifting focus between Putonghua and minority languages: status planning of the central government (1986-1990), balance via bilingual policy (1991-2000), strong Putonghua…
Descriptors: Multilingualism, Public Policy, Language Minorities, Mandarin Chinese
Criscuolo, Chiara; Martin, Ralf – OECD Publishing (NJ1), 2004
The main objective of this Working Paper is to show a set of indicators on the knowledge-based economy for China, mainly compiled from databases within EAS, although data from databases maintained by other parts of the OECD are included as well. These indicators are put in context by comparison with data for the United States, Japan and the EU (or…
Descriptors: Industry, Intellectual Property, Innovation, Education Work Relationship

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