Participatory adult education programs assist individuals to substitute interdependent, mutually beneficial relationships for unrewarding, dependent relationships. Indicators of changes in dependency, however, are absent or imprecise in evaluations of participatory projects. A study explored facets of dependency by relating practitioners'…

During the 1930s in Canada, the senior levels of government and local agencies initiated educational programs to help people cope with the distress and demoralization resulting from the depression. Programs originated in eleven major areas: technical-vocational education, night schools, relief camps, educational relief measures outside camps, self…