A study examined principals' working conditions to identify key areas of job-related stress. Documentation of stressful incidents reported by five rural principals indicated that external- and internal-management sources of stress were equally frequent. The cycle of stressful experiences was more intense than a decade ago. Leadership…

Examines coping strategies adopted by eight Manitoba principals in light of current environmental (fiscal) restraints. Identified both general coping strategies (proactive planning, decentralized decision making, and alternative resource generation) and unique approaches (routinization of problems, negotiated order, and support groups). Confronted…

With data from 256 school principals in Manitoba, this study examined the effect of external environmental constraints upon the various types and sources of job-related stress. Results indicated that external pressures triggered extraorganizational and intraorganizational stress as well as the less obvious intrapersonal stress. (TE)