Discusses how linguistic and ethnological investigation have been key factors in the establishment of an indigenous bilingual education program with the Karaja Amerindians in Brazil. Program elements described include study of both Karaja and Portuguese with indigenous bilingual teachers; production of culturally and linguistically appropriate…

Studies language contact and language shift among different generations of Japanese immigrants in Brazil. The social factors involved in the abandonment of the ethnic (Japanese) code is considered. Results indicate that, typically, ethnic identity switch is accompanied by mother tongue replacement with Portuguese by the third generation.…

Describes a model of bilingual-bicultural education developed for the Karaja, an indigenous group in Brazil whose language had previously been unwritten. Factors of the literacy-based model's success include indigenous teachers; teacher-developed innovations and didactic materials for the bilingual classroom; and a team-teaching approach.…