A study examined the effectiveness of the Chapter 1 Early Literacy Summer School program. The program provided additional reading instruction to underachieving first-grade pupils at six schools located throughout the Columbus, Ohio public school district. The program featured group instruction (with many of the activities modeled after the Reading Recovery program) for 3.25 hours daily in 23 classrooms for 20 to 25 pupils each over a period of 24 days of instruction. Of the 488 pupils served, 288 (59%) met the attendance criterion for inclusion in the treatment group. Results indicated that (1) of the 288 treatment group pupils, 258 (89.6%) read a minimum of eight books; (2) 88.5% of the pupils independently wrote at least two samples of meaningful text, with one of the two samples at pattern level IV or higher; and parents of 86.5% the pupils attended at least one parent meeting, and that 96.5% of the pupils were represented by an adult at one or more of the parent meetings. Findings suggest that inservice sessions for parents should continue, similar parent inservices should be considered for the regular school year, and program developers should focus on developing the observational and instructional skills of the teachers involved rather than increasing the number of pupils served. (A calendar worksheet for computing days of pupil service, a parent involvement log, and the pupil data sheet are attached.) (RS)