For 20 years, Federal law has mandated that low achieving children residing in low income areas receive supplemental services regardless of whether they attend public or nonpublic schools. Yet Chapter 1 participation rates have always been lower for nonpublic school children than they have for public school children. School size and problems of…

In July 1985 the Supreme Court ruled in Aguilar v. Felton that public school employees could no longer provide instruction, including Chapter 1 services, on religious school premises, previously the most common service delivery model used. This study addresses the following questions: (1) what portion of the decline in services to nonpublic school…