The principles presented by the deficit model (Tinto, 1975) asserted that low socioeconomic (SES) minority post-secondary students failed to persist and successfully achieve graduation as a result of their inherent deficits. Sherman and Tinto (1975) posited that social and cultural capital deficiencies resulted in high attrition and low…

This qualitative research utilized the descriptive case study approach to examine the lived experiences of twelve 1.5- or 2.0-generation Hmong American women who occupy leadership positions in public schools (K-12) and colleges (community colleges, state colleges, and universities) in California. It delved into their gendered, racial,…