Background: Virtual laboratories are used to supplement or even replace physical laboratories in engineering education. Although these virtual laboratories allow students to learn foundational experimental skills, they do not provide the learners with the chance to develop higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Computational thinking (CT) is an…

Laboratories play a central role in engineering education. Current technology enables virtual experiences that challenge the traditional concept of teaching laboratories for undergraduate engineering students. Integrating technology, such as virtual laboratories, allows students to learn foundational experimental skills; however, it lacks…

This study explores the integration of ChatGPT technology into Virtual Reality (VR) learning environments to support self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies and foster higher-order thinking skills (HOTS). Utilizing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, 81 undergraduate students were randomly assigned to either an experimental group with…

Background: Virtual reality (VR) offers significant potential for hands-on learning environments by providing immersive and visually stimulating experiences. Interacting with such environments can bring numerous benefits to learning, including enhanced engagement, knowledge construction, and higher-order thinking. However, many current VR studies…

Virtual reality (VR) provides a unique platform for interactive learning experiences, enhancing learning, particularly in hands-on courses. However, the visual load of VR and the lack of guidance and interaction from physical teachers or peers can pose challenges for learners in self-regulated learning (SRL) and learning motivation. This study…