ERIC Number: EJ1469254
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2025
Pages: 25
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-0264-3944
EISSN: EISSN-1468-0122
Available Date: 0000-00-00
Demographic Predictors of Disciplinary Sanctions among Middle School Victims of Bullying: A Quantitative Correlation Study
Pastoral Care in Education, v43 n1 p107-131 2025
Bullying victimization is a very common, complex, and potentially damaging form of violence among children and adolescents. Bullying is defined as unwanted, aggressive behavior, which involves a real or perceived social power imbalance. One in 10 public schools reports at least one case of serious violent crime, such as aggressive bullying, cyberbullying, rape, robbery, fights involving weapons, and suicide each year. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects bullying victimization has on students' school disciplinary sanctions (suspensions, office referrals, and expulsions) by examining a national data set that consisted of 13,965 students. This study used a correlation design. The independent predictor variables used to examine bullying victimization among middle school students in this national data set were age, race, gender socioeconomic status (SES), and physical and emotional bullying victimization. The dependent criterion variable was disciplinary sanctions. The study results indicated that race, gender, age, and socioeconomic status collectively predict middle school students' disciplinary sanctions (suspensions, office referrals, and expulsions) among those who have experienced emotional and physical bullying victimization on a national level. Policymakers may use the study results to implement strategies that may be used to reduce physical bullying in learning institutions.
Descriptors: Bullying, Victims, Suspension, Middle School Students, Age Differences, Racial Differences, Socioeconomic Status, Gender Differences, Aggression, Emotional Response, Discipline, Predictor Variables, Expulsion, Computer Mediated Communication
Routledge. Available from: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 530 Walnut Street Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Tel: 800-354-1420; Tel: 215-625-8900; Fax: 215-207-0050; Web site: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Education Level: Junior High Schools; Middle Schools; Secondary Education
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Assessments and Surveys: School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCES)
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Author Affiliations: 1Education, Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virgina, USA