Although popular educational theories regard ability as being intrinsically multidimensional, academic ability is typically measured with a single, overall score. In this paper, we examine data from the adaptive tutoring system ALEKS to compare three metrics that measure different constructs of mathematical ability that vary in dimensionality. We…

The big-fish-little-pond effect (BFLPE) model predicts students' academic self-concept to be negatively predicted by the achievement level of their reference group, controlling for individual achievement. Despite an abundance of empirical evidence supporting the BFLPE, there have been relatively few studies searching for possible moderators.…