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Holding Back and Holding behind: Grade Retention and Students' Non-Academic and Academic Outcomes
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Martin, Andrew J. – British Educational Research Journal, 2011
The present study examined the implications of grade retention (repeating a grade) and social promotion (automatic promotion to the next grade each year) for high school students' academic and non-academic outcomes. Based on data from 3261 high school students, structural equation modeling demonstrated that, after controlling for interactions with…
Descriptors: Homework, Grade Repetition, Structural Equation Models, Social Promotion