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Michael Sadeghi; Mostafa Pourhaji – Language Teaching Research, 2025
The present study examines the effects of pre-task explicit instruction on second language (L2) oral self-repair behaviour while controlling for the effects of working memory. The participants were 121 Iranian learners of English at incipient levels of language proficiency. Their working memory was measured using an operation span task and then…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Oral Language
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Irajzad, Fatemeh; Pishghadam, Reza; Shahriari, Hesamoddin – International Journal of Instruction, 2017
The quality of teacher-student relationships greatly affects students' academic life. Students need to be recognized by their teacher. One way through which such need may be fulfilled is receiving strokes (teacher attention). In a broad sense, stroke is known to be a unit of human recognition (Berne, 1988). Accordingly, the current mixed-methods…
Descriptors: Semitic Languages, Indo European Languages, Questionnaires, Teacher Attitudes