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Grapin, Scott E.; Llosa, Lorena – Educational Assessment, 2022
Traditionally, content assessments have been carried out through written language. However, the latest standards in U.S. K-12 education expect all students, including English learners (ELs), to demonstrate their content learning using multiple modalities. This study examined the performance of fifth-grade students at varying levels of English…
Descriptors: Student Evaluation, English Language Learners, Science Instruction, Grade 5

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